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As the Germans advanced through Russia during Operation Barbarossa, they extended their lines from Leningrad in the North to Stalingrad in the south, and Stalingrad had to be taken in order to secure the Caucasus and create a route to the Middle East. But the Soviets held the German advance at Stalingrad on the Volga River and were determined that the Nazis would advance no further. The Battle of Stalingrad saw bitter, bitter, fighting, much of it house-to-house and hand-to-hand. Winter set in, and the Germans were woefully unprepared. They did not have winter clothing and were unaccustomed to fighting in such weather.

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