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This section provides an overview of the U.S. Navy Fleet carriers that served in World War II.
The Ships
During the war twenty-two U.S. Navy fleet carriers (CVs) and nine small aircaft carriers (CVLs) served in World War II. Eight ships were built before the war started and the rest were built during the war. (Most of the carriers were named after American battles and famous former Navy ships.)
USS Intrepid (CV-11) afire, after she was hit by a "Kamikaze" off Okinawa on 16 April 1945. (U.S. National Archives & Records Administration)
Langley (single ship) - converted from a collier
Ranger (single ship) - built to be a carrier
Yorktown Class (Yorktown, Enterprise, Hornet) - based on an expanded Ranger design
Lexington Class (Lexington & Saratoga) - converted from battlecruisers
Wasp (single ship) - design restricted due to limited tonnage remaining in the Washington treaty
During the war two classes of ships were built:
The Essex Class - largest class of carriers ever built (26 were completed)
The Independence Class - most were converted from light cruisers during construction (9 were completed)
Operations
For the first 18 months of the conflict, the U.S. had barely enough carriers to hold the line let alone project power in the Pacific. At one point in November 1942, only two carriers were operational in the Pacific (four carriers had been sunk.)
USS Enterprise (CV-6) entering Pearl Harbor on 26 May 1942.
(U.S. National Archives & Records Administration)
At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941), three operational carriers were stationed in the Pacific: Enterprise, Lexington, and Saratoga. (Langley was also in the Pacific but in October 1936 it had been converted from an operational carrier to a seaplane tender.) The other four carriers were located in the Atlantic. Yorktown and Hornet were transferred to the Pacific in December 1941 and March 1942. Wasp entered the Pacific in June 1942. Ranger was dispatched to the Pacific after a overhaul in July 1944.
Starting in December 1942, the Essex class carriers started to enter service and by late 1943 the U.S. had enough carrier forces to perform operations throughout the Pacific.
In general, the carriers performed three types of operations: carrier raids; carrier versus carrier battles; and amphibious landing support.
A few carrier highlights:
First US carrier: USS Langley (CV-1)
First US carrier built from start as a carrier: USS Ranger (CV-4)
First US carrier lost in World War II: USS Lexington (CV-2), lost 8 May 1942
Most decorated US ship in World War II: USS Enterprise (CV-6), earned 20 out a possible 22 battle stars
Shortest career: Hornet (CV-8), 12 months, commissioned October 1941 and lost 27 October 1942
Sources:
United States Strategic Bombing Survey [Pacific] Naval Analyis Division. The Campaigns of the Pacific War. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1946.
U.S. Naval Historical Center Web site.
Dunnigan, James F. & Albert A. Nofi. The Pacific War Encyclopedia. New York: Checkmark Books, 1998.
Silverstone, Paul H. U.S. Warships of World War II. London: Ian Allen, 1971.
Smith, Michael C. Essex Class Carriers in Action. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1997.
Stern, Robert. U.S. Aircraft Carriers in Action Part 1. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1991.
van der Vat, Dan. The Pacific Campaign: The U.S.-Japanese Naval War 1941-1945. New York: Touchstone, 1991.
Robbins, Guy. The Aircraft Carrier Story. London: Cassell & Co., 2001
