| Year |
Government,
Politics, & War |
Art & Culture |
Science &
Technology |
Religion &
Philosophy |
Daily Life &
Health |
Year |
| 481 |
|
Clovis succeeds as king of Frankish kingdom
|
|
|
|
481 |
| 496 |
|
|
|
Clovis converted to Christianity and baptized by St. Remigius
|
|
496 |
| 502 |
|
Hsiao Yen (Wu Ti) overthrows Qi Dynasty in China; founds Liang Dynasty
|
|
|
|
502 |
| 507 |
Clovis defeats Visigoths at Vouillé; Unites all Frankish lands on the left bank of the Rhine
|
|
|
|
|
507 |
| 508 |
|
Clovis makes Lutetia (Paris) capital of Frankish kingdom
|
|
|
|
508 |
| 511 |
|
Clovis dies; Frankish kingdom divided among his four sons
|
|
|
|
511 |
| 525 |
|
|
|
(1) Cosmas Indicopleustes' Topographica Christiana attempts to demonstrate the truth of the biblical Creation story and posits a flat Earth
(2) Christian chronology established by Dionysius Exiguus
|
|
525 |
| 527 |
|
Justinian I becomes Byzantine emperor; Declares wife Theodora empress
|
|
|
|
527 |
| 529 |
|
Byzantine emperor Justinian I compiles all Roman laws in the Codex Vitus
|
|
(1) Benedict of Nursia founds monastic order at Monte Casino
(2) Byzantine Emperor Justinian I closes Plato's Academy
|
|
529 |
| 532 |
|
Nike Revolt destroys large sections of Constantinople
|
|
|
|
532 |
| 533 |
Belisarius conquers the Vandal kingdom in North Africa for the Byzantine Empire
|
|
|
|
|
533 |
| 535 |
Belisarius conquers the Ostrogothic kingdom of Italy for Byzantine Empire
|
|
|
|
|
535 |
| 537 |
|
|
|
Hagia Sophia completed and dedicated in Constantinople
|
|
537 |
| 540 |
|
|
|
(1) Benedict of Nursia writes Regula monachorum to regulate daily life in the monastary
(2) Roman statesman Cassiodorus retires and founds monastery at Viverium; Becomes major center for translation of ancient Greek texts
|
|
540 |
| 541 |
Justinian I abandons plans to conquer Gaul and Britain after plague strikes Constantinople
|
|
|
|
|
541 |
| 552 |
|
|
|
|
Byzantine emperor Justinian I introduces silk production in Europe after smuggling silkworms out of China
|
552 |
| 553 |
|
|
|
Procopius' Anecdota (Secret History) of the Byzantine Empire
|
|
553 |
| 558 |
Chlothar I temporarily reunites Clovis' Frankish kingdoms
|
|
|
|
|
558 |
| 561 |
Chlothar I dies; Frankish kingdoms are redivided
|
|
|
|
|
561 |
| 565 |
|
Byzantine emperor Justinian I dies after 38 year reign
|
|
|
|
565 |
| 568 |
|
Alboin founds Lombard kingdom in Italy
|
|
|
|
568 |
| 579 |
King Chosroes of Persia dies after 48 year reign; Reestablished Persian power from Red Sea to Oxus River
|
|
|
|
|
579 |
| 581 |
|
Yang Jian murders Zhou royalty; Proclaims himself emperor Wendi and begins Sui Dynasty in China
|
|
|
|
581 |
| 582 |
|
|
|
Cassiodorus' History of the Goths
|
|
582 |
| 585 |
|
|
|
Soga clan adopts Buddhism in Japan
|
|
585 |
| 587 |
|
|
|
First Buddhist monastery in Japan
|
|
587 |
| 588 |
|
|
|
Lombards convert to Christianity
|
|
588 |
| 589 |
Sui emperor Wendi reunites China
|
|
|
|
|
589 |
| 590 |
|
Gregory I becomes first monk elected pope; Lays down principles of papal authority over secular rulers
|
|
|
|
590 |
| 593 |
Empress Suiko becomes first Japanese ruler to gain official recognition from China
|
|
|
|
|
593 |
| 594 |
|
|
|
Empress Suiko of Japan converts to Buddhism
|
|
594 |
| 600 |
|
|
Moldboard plow introduced to Europe
|
|
|
600 |
| 601 |
|
|
|
The Vaghbata, a collection of Indian medical knowledge compiled
|
|
601 |
| 603 |
|
|
|
First St. Paul's Cathedral built in London
|
|
603 |
| 604 |
|
Chinese emperor Wendi murdered by Yangdi, his son; Chinese capital moved to Luoyang
|
|
Japanese crown prince issues the Shotoku Taishi, which requires veneration of the Buddha and Buddhist laws
|
|
604 |
| 610 |
|
|
|
Muhammad begins preaching in Mecca
|
|
610 |
| 618 |
|
Li Yuan (later Gaozu) murders Chinese emperor Yangdi; Establishes Tang Dynasty
|
|
|
|
618 |
| 620 |
Persian king Chosroes II conquers Rhodes; Persian Empire reaches extent of Darius' 6th Century BCE empire
|
|
|
|
|
620 |
| 621 |
|
|
|
|
Chinese government establishes state department for the manufacture of porcelain
|
621 |
| 622 |
|
|
|
Muhammad forced to flee Mecca for Medina; Becomes basis for Islamic tradition of the hijra
|
|
622 |
| 628 |
Muslim army captures Mecca
|
|
|
|
|
628 |
| 630 |
|
|
|
Muhammad returns to Mecca with the Koran
|
|
630 |
| 632 |
|
Muhammad dies; Abu Bakr becomes caliph in Medina
|
|
|
|
632 |
| 633 |
|
|
|
East Anglia converted to Christianity
|
|
633 |
| 634 |
|
Abu Bakr dies; Umar becomes caliph
|
|
|
|
634 |
| 636 |
Battle of Yarmuk; Islamic forces under Khalid ibn al-Walid conquer Syria and Palestine
|
|
|
|
|
636 |
| 637 |
Islamic armies invade Mesopotamia
|
|
|
|
|
637 |
| 638 |
Islamic forces capture Jerusalem
|
|
|
|
|
638 |
| 639 |
Islamic armies conquer Egypt
|
|
|
|
|
639 |
| 641 |
|
Founding of Fostat (Cairo) in Egypt
|
|
|
|
641 |
| 642 |
Islamic forces decisively defeat Persians at the battle of Nihawand
|
|
|
|
|
642 |
| 643 |
|
|
|
Construction on the Dome of the Rock begins
|
|
643 |
| 644 |
|
Caliph Umar assassinated; Uthman becomes caliph
|
|
|
|
644 |
| 645 |
|
|
|
Buddhism reaches Tibet
|
|
645 |
| 646 |
|
Japanese emperor Kotoku unites Japan and issues Taika Reform Edicts
|
|
|
|
646 |
| 651 |
|
Sassanid king Yazdegerd III assassinated; End of Sassanid Dynasty in Persia
|
|
|
|
651 |
| 656 |
|
Caliph Uthman assassinated; Ali becomes caliph
|
|
|
|
656 |
| 659 |
|
|
|
c. 659; First Shinto shrines built in Japan
|
|
659 |
| 661 |
|
Caliph Ali assassinated; Muawiyah moves capital to Damascus and founds Umayyad Dynasty
|
|
Sunni and Shi'a branches of Islam split over succession to the Caliphate
|
|
661 |
| 670 |
|
|
Kallikinos invents Greek fire in Constantinople
|
|
|
670 |
| 678 |
Umayyad forces forced to lift siege of Constantinople after decisive naval defeat at the battle of Syllaeum
|
|
|
|
|
678 |
| 680 |
Hussein killed at battle of Karbala; Battlefield will become site for Shiite holy city
|
|
|
|
|
680 |
| 690 |
|
|
|
Shinto Shrine of Ise first built in its current form in Japan
|
|
690 |
| 692 |
|
|
|
Dome of the Rock is completed by Caliph Abdel-Malik
|
|
692 |
| 695 |
|
|
|
|
First Islamic coins minted in Damascus
|
695 |
| 697 |
|
Dogeships in Venice
|
|
|
|
697 |
| 700 |
|
Leading Mesoamerican city of Teotihuacán destroyed
|
|
Dandin's The Adventures of the Ten Princes, Sanskrit poetry
|
|
700 |
| 701 |
|
Japanese law codified by emperor Momu
|
|
|
Arab sailors visit Moluccas and Indonesia for the first time
|
701 |
| 710 |
Islamic forces conquer Tangiers; Caliphate controls entire North African coast
|
Nara becomes first permanent capital of Japan
|
|
|
|
710 |
| 711 |
Islamic army invades Iberian Peninsula
|
|
|
|
|
711 |
| 712 |
Muhammad ibn Kasim makes first Islamic conquests in India
|
|
|
Ono Yasumara's Kojiki, the first written history of Japan
|
|
712 |
| 715 |
|
Charles Martel becomes Mayor of the Palace in Frankish kingdom of Austrasia
|
|
|
|
715 |
| 717 |
Second Siege of Constantinople; Byzantines decisively defeat Umayyad navy using Greek fire
|
|
|
|
|
717 |
| 718 |
|
Pelayo establishes Kingdom of Asturias after the Moors defeat the Visigothic kingdom of Spain
|
|
|
|
718 |
| 726 |
|
|
|
Byzantine emperor Leo III initiates iconoclastic movement in Constantinople
|
|
726 |
| 730 |
|
|
|
(1) Pope Gregory II excommunicates Leo III for iconoclasm
(2) Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum by Bede
|
|
730 |
| 732 |
Frankish army under Charles Martel defeats Umayyad army at the battle of Tours
|
|
|
|
|
732 |
| 741 |
|
Charles Martel dies; Frankish kingdom redivided
|
|
|
|
741 |
| 742 |
|
Charlemagne born
|
|
|
|
742 |
| 750 |
|
(1) Alfonso I establishes the Kingdom of Galicia in the Iberian Peninsula
(2) Abu al-Abbas as-Saffah overthrows Umayyad Caliphate and establishes Abbasid Dynasty
|
|
|
|
750 |
| 751 |
|
Pepin the Short becomes king of the Franks; Founds the Carolingian Dynasty
|
|
|
|
751 |
| 752 |
|
|
|
55 ft. statue of the Buddha, Rushanabutsu, completed in Japan
|
|
752 |
| 754 |
|
|
|
|
Chinese census records 26 cities with populations of at least 500,000
|
754 |
| 756 |
Donation of Pepin creates Papal States and establishes temporal power of the papacy
|
The Umayyad Abd ar-Rahman I becomes emir of Cordoba
|
|
|
|
756 |
| 762 |
|
Caliphate moved to Baghdad
|
|
|
|
762 |
| 765 |
|
|
Three-field crop rotation system introduced in Europe
|
|
|
765 |
| 766 |
|
|
|
York becomes English center for learning
|
|
766 |
| 768 |
|
Pepin the Short dies; Charles (Charlemagne) succeeds
|
|
|
|
768 |
| 774 |
Charlemagne visits Rome; Absorbs Lombardy into Frankish kingdom
|
|
|
|
|
774 |
| 782 |
|
Execution at Verdun
|
|
|
|
782 |
| 787 |
Danes invade England
|
|
|
|
|
787 |
| 790 |
|
|
|
Carolingian Renaissance begins
|
|
790 |
| 794 |
|
Heian (Kyoto) becomes permanent capital of Japan; Will remain so until 1868
|
|
|
|
794 |
| 796 |
|
|
|
Palatine Chapel built in Aix-la-Chapelle
|
|
796 |
| 800 |
Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans
|
|
|
Alcuin of York works on corrected version of the Bible and compiles Lives of the Saints
|
|
800 |
| 801 |
Charlemagne conquers Barcelona from the Moors
|
|
|
|
|
801 |
| 804 |
Charlemagne completes conquest and conversion of Saxony
|
|
|
|
|
804 |
| 811 |
|
|
|
|
Tang emperor begins issue of paper currency in China
|
811 |
| 813 |
|
|
A school of astronomy established in Baghdad
|
|
|
813 |
| 814 |
|
Charlemagne dies; Louis I (The Pious) succeeds
|
|
Doge's Palace built in Venice
|
|
814 |
| 820 |
|
|
|
Islamic law school established in Medina
|
|
820 |
| 825 |
King Egbert of Wessex conquers Kent, Sussex, and Essex; Wessex becomes dominant power in England
|
|
|
|
|
825 |
| 830 |
|
|
|
Einhard's Life of Charlemagne
|
|
830 |
| 833 |
|
|
Al-Mamun founds observatory in Baghdad
|
|
|
833 |
| 836 |
Vikings sack London
|
|
|
|
|
836 |
| 837 |
|
|
|
|
Carrier pigeon services established in Arab lands
|
837 |
| 840 |
|
Louis the Pious dies; Civil war in Frankish kingdom between his sons
|
|
|
|
840 |
| 841 |
|
Vikings found Dublin in Ireland
|
|
|
|
841 |
| 843 |
Treaty of Verdun permanently splits Charlemagne's empire
|
Kenneth MacAlpin unites Scots and Picts, founding the medieval kingdom of Scotland
|
|
|
|
843 |
| 845 |
|
|
|
Chinese government launches persecution of Buddhists
|
|
845 |
| 850 |
Vikings seize Kiev; Origin of Varangian empire of the Rus
|
|
|
|
|
850 |
| 853 |
|
|
China prints first book
|
|
|
853 |
| 857 |
|
Kingdom of Navarre established in Spain
|
|
|
|
857 |
| 859 |
Arabs complete conquest of Sicily
|
|
|
|
|
859 |
| 862 |
|
|
|
Byzantine emperor Michael III sends Cyril and Methodius to convert slavs; Origin of Cyrillic alphabet
|
|
862 |
| 871 |
|
Alfred the Great succeeds in Wessex
|
|
|
|
871 |
| 872 |
|
|
|
|
Ahmad ibn Talun establishes first hospital in Cairo; Hospitals now common throughout Arab world
|
872 |
| 874 |
Christians defeat Moors at Orbedo; Beginning of the Reconquista in the Iberian Peninsula
|
|
|
|
|
874 |
| 877 |
|
Charles II of France consolidates feudal system
|
|
|
|
877 |
| 886 |
Alfred the Great expels the Vikings from London; Establishes the Danelaw
|
|
|
|
|
886 |
| 888 |
|
Charles III dies; Frankish empire collapses; Independent kingdom of Burgundy established
|
|
|
|
888 |
| 895 |
Magyars raid Bulgaria; Settle in Central Europe
|
|
|
|
|
895 |
| 900 |
|
Approximate date for the establishment of the Toltec kingdom in Mexico
|
|
|
|
900 |
| 907 |
|
Zhuwen (Chu Wen) murders last Tang emperor of China; Beginning of the Period of The Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms
|
|
|
|
907 |
| 909 |
|
Said ibn Hussein establishes Fatimid caliphate in Tunis
|
|
Abbey of Cluny founded in eastern France
|
|
909 |
| 911 |
|
Norman noble Rollo converts and pays homage to Charles III of France; Origin of the Duchy of Normandy
|
|
|
|
911 |
| 912 |
|
Abd ar-Rahman III succeeds in Umayyad Spain; Brings Islamic Spain to the peak of its power and cultural influence
|
|
|
|
912 |
| 930 |
|
|
|
Althing established in Iceland; Early representative assembly in Europe
|
|
930 |
| 932 |
|
|
Wood-block printing in China
|
|
|
932 |
| 939 |
Ngo Quyen defeats Chinese army and establishes independent kingdom in northern Vietnam
|
|
|
|
|
939 |
| 942 |
Edmund I of England conquers the Danelaw
|
|
|
|
|
942 |
| 947 |
|
The Khitan establish the Liao Dynasty to rule northern China and Manchuria
|
|
|
|
947 |
| 954 |
|
King Edred seizes York and unites all England
|
|
|
|
954 |
| 955 |
Otto I of Germany defeats Magyar army at the battle of Lechfeld
|
|
|
|
|
955 |
| 956 |
Oghuz Turks led by Seljuk move into Transoxiana
|
|
|
|
|
956 |
| 960 |
|
Zhao Kuangyin founds the Song Dynasty in China
|
|
|
|
960 |
| 962 |
|
Otto I crowned Holy Roman emperor by Pope John XII; Beginning of the Holy Roman Empire
|
|
|
|
962 |
| 966 |
|
King Mieszko of Poland converts to Catholicism
|
|
|
|
966 |
| 969 |
Fatimids conquer Egypt and move capital to Cairo
|
|
|
|
|
969 |
| 982 |
Eric the Red begins viking invasion of Iceland
|
|
|
|
|
982 |
| 983 |
|
Ahmad ibn Buwayh Asud ad-Dawla rises to power in Persia; Reintroduces ancient title of Shahanshah (King of Kings)
|
|
|
|
983 |
| 984 |
|
|
Earliest known astrolabe, a tool for navigation, in use in Persia
|
|
|
984 |
| 987 |
|
Hugh Capet founds Capetian royal line in France
|
|
|
|
987 |
| 988 |
|
|
|
Vladimir the Great of Kiev converts to Christianity; Foundation of Russian Orthodox Church
|
|
988 |
| 992 |
Venice gains independence from Byzantine Empire
|
|
|
|
|
992 |
| 993 |
|
|
|
Pope John XV canonizes Ulric, bishop of Augsburg; First documented papal canonization
|
|
993 |
| 1003 |
|
Brian Boru becomes High King of Ireland
|
|
|
Approximate date of Leif Ericson's voyages from Greenland
|
1003 |
| 1005 |
|
|
|
|
|
1005 |
| 1010 |
|
|
|
Robert II proclaims the 'Peace of God' in France to curb aristocratic violence
|
|
1010 |
| 1018 |
|
|
|
Council of Pavia; Pope Benedict VIII declares clerical marriage and concubinage illegal
|
|
1018 |
| 1020 |
|
|
Floating magnetic compass invented in China
|
|
|
1020 |
| 1022 |
|
|
|
Bogomils burned in France
|
|
1022 |
| 1028 |
|
Cnut unifies England, Denmark, and Norway under one crown
|
|
|
|
1028 |
| 1031 |
Umayyad caliphate abolished in Spain; Rise of minor Moorish kingdoms
|
|
|
|
|
1031 |
| 1035 |
King Cnut dies; England, Denmark, and Norway redivided
|
Kingdom of Aragon established in Spain
|
|
|
|
1035 |
| 1037 |
|
Kingdom of Castile-Leon established in Spain
|
|
|
|
1037 |
| 1040 |
Seljuk Turks conquer territories in Persia
|
|
|
|
|
1040 |
| 1048 |
Seljuk Turks sack Erzurum; Maintain presence in Anatolia
|
|
|
Henry III appoints Pope Clement II
|
|
1048 |
| 1050 |
Tughril Beg conquers Isfahan and establishes Seljuk capital there
|
|
Astrolabe used in Europe
|
|
|
1050 |
| 1051 |
|
|
|
Cathars executed in Germany
|
|
1051 |
| 1052 |
|
|
|
Construction on Westminster Abby begins
|
|
1052 |
| 1054 |
|
|
|
Pope Leo IX and the Patriarch of Constantinople excommunicate each other; Final step in the Great Schism between the Catholic and Orthodox churches
|
|
1054 |
| 1055 |
Seljuk Turks conquer Baghdad; Tughril Beg becomes sultan
|
|
|
|
|
1055 |
| 1057 |
|
|
|
|
|
1057 |
| 1061 |
The Norman conquest of Arab-controlled Sicily
|
|
|
|
|
1061 |
| 1065 |
|
|
|
Westminster Abby consecrated
|
|
1065 |
| 1066 |
William the Conqueror defeats Harold at the battle of Hastings; Normans conquer England
|
|
|
|
|
1066 |
| 1071 |
Seljuk army decisively defeats Byzantine army at battle of Manzikert; Conquer parts of Anatolia and Syria
|
|
|
|
|
1071 |
| 1075 |
Pope Gregory VII decrees papal supremacy in Dictatus papae; Beginning of Investiture Controversy between the Pope and Holy Roman Emperor
|
|
|
|
|
1075 |
| 1078 |
|
|
|
Construction on the Tower of London begins
|
|
1078 |
| 1079 |
|
|
|
Peter Abelard born
|
|
1079 |
| 1080 |
|
|
|
The Bayeux Tapestry, which depicts the Norman conquest of England, is commissioned
|
|
1080 |
| 1085 |
|
William I of England commissions the Domesday Book
|
|
|
|
1085 |
| 1087 |
|
William the Conqueror of England dies; William II succeeds to English throne
|
|
|
|
1087 |
| 1090 |
|
Yusuf ibn Tasfin founds Almoravid Dynasty in Granada
|
|
|
|
1090 |
| 1091 |
Roger Guiscard completes the Norman conquest of Sicily
|
|
|
|
|
1091 |
| 1092 |
|
Sultan Malik Shah dies; Seljuk empire collapses into civil war
|
|
|
|
1092 |
| 1094 |
|
Pope Urban II expels antipope Clement III from Rome
|
|
|
|
1094 |
| 1095 |
|
|
|
Pope Urban II proclaims First Crusade against Islamic conquests in the Middle East
|
|
1095 |
| 1099 |
Crusaders capture Jerusalem; First Crusade ends
|
Godfrey of Bouillon founds Kingdom of Jerusalem from crusader conquests in Palestine
|
|
The Order of the Knights Hospitaller chartered in Jerusalem to protect pilgrims to the Holy Land
|
|
1099 |
| 1100 |
|
|
|
Baptistery in Florence built
|
|
1100 |
| 1115 |
|
|
|
Peter Abelard becomes chair of theology at Notre Dame
|
|
1115 |
| 1119 |
|
|
|
The Knights Templar founded in Jerusalem
|
|
1119 |
| 1122 |
Concordat of Worms ends the Investiture Controversy between the Pope and Holy Roman Emperor
|
The Jürchen found the Jin (Chin) Dynasty in northern China
|
|
|
|
1122 |
| 1123 |
|
|
|
The First Lateran Council condemns simony and clerical marriage in Europe
|
|
1123 |
| 1129 |
|
|
First use of flying buttresses in construction of St. Denis
|
|
|
1129 |
| 1134 |
|
Emperor Lothair III makes Albrecht head of the Nordmark; Origin of the House of Brandenburg
|
|
|
|
1134 |
| 1138 |
|
|
|
|
|
1138 |
| 1145 |
|
|
First recorded autopsy performed in China
|
Pope Eugene III proclaims Second Crusade to recapture Crusader Kingdom of Edessa
|
|
1145 |
| 1150 |
|
|
Chinese develop rockets
|
|
|
1150 |
| 1152 |
|
Eleanor of Aquitaine marries Henry of Anjou
|
|
|
|
1152 |
| 1154 |
|
Henry of Anjou becomes king of England; First Plantagenet king of England and beginning of the Angevin empire
|
|
|
|
1154 |
| 1157 |
|
Bank of Venice established; Venice emerging as major center of finance and trade
|
|
|
|
1157 |
| 1166 |
|
At Clarendon, Henry II of England presides over major legal reforms; Origins of English common law
|
|
|
|
1166 |
| 1168 |
|
Toltec Empire destroyed in Mesoamerica
|
|
|
|
1168 |
| 1169 |
|
Saladin becomes vizir of Egypt
|
|
|
|
1169 |
| 1170 |
The Almohads move their capital to Seville; The Almohad Dynasty has conquered much of North African and consolidated the smaller Islamic kingdoms in Spain
|
|
|
Thomas Becket murdered by nobles loyal to King Henry II of England
|
|
1170 |
| 1171 |
|
Last Fatimid caliph of Egypt dies leaving Saladin as effective ruler
|
|
|
|
1171 |
| 1173 |
|
|
|
Thomas Becket canonized
|
|
1173 |
| 1175 |
Saladin recognized as sultan of Egypt and Syria
|
|
|
|
|
1175 |
| 1179 |
|
|
|
Third Lateran Council declares crusade against Albigensian heresy
|
|
1179 |
| 1180 |
|
|
First windmill in Europe constructed in Normandy
|
|
|
1180 |
| 1181 |
|
c. 1181-1206; Reign of Jayavarman VII in Cambodia; Establishes Khmer capital at Angkor Thom
|
|
|
|
1181 |
| 1183 |
(1) Peace of Constance confirms the autonomy of Italian cities from Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa)
(2) Saladin captures Aleppo; Moves his capital to Damascus
|
|
|
|
|
1183 |
| 1185 |
|
Minamoto Yaritomo becomes effective ruler of Japan
|
|
|
|
1185 |
| 1187 |
(1) Pope Gregory VIII calls for Third Crusade to halt Saladin's conquests in the Middle East
(2) Saladin captures Jerusalem from the European crusaders
|
|
|
|
|
1187 |
| 1188 |
Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) leads crusader army from Germany
|
|
|
|
|
1188 |
| 1189 |
|
Richard I assumes English throne
|
|
|
|
1189 |
| 1190 |
Emperor Frederick I drowns while crossing the Saleph River; German crusader army disintegrates
|
Teutonic Knights established
|
|
|
|
1190 |
| 1191 |
Crusading army under Richard I of England captures Acre and defeats Saladin's army at Arsuf
|
|
|
|
|
1191 |
| 1192 |
Richard I of England and Saladin sign truce which allows Christian access to Jerusalem; Richard leaves the Holy Land
|
Minamoto Yaritomo adopts the title Shogun; Creates Shogunate government which will last until 1868
|
|
|
|
1192 |
| 1193 |
Saladin dies
|
|
|
|
|
1193 |
| 1196 |
|
Choe Chong-hon reunites Korea
|
|
|
|
1196 |
| 1199 |
|
Richard I of England dies; Brother John succeeds to English throne
|
|
|
|
1199 |
| 1200 |
|
|
|
Lay order of the Beguines founded in Liège
|
|
1200 |
| 1203 |
|
Mongol prince Temüjin takes title of Genghis Khan
|
|
|
|
1203 |
| 1204 |
Crusaders capture and sack Constantinople; Baldwin count of Flanders crowned Latin Emperor and Byzantine territory partitioned with Venice
|
|
|
|
|
1204 |
| 1208 |
|
|
|
Pope Innocent III declares crusade against Albigensian heresy in Languedoc
|
|
1208 |
| 1209 |
|
|
|
Foundation of Cambridge University
|
|
1209 |
| 1210 |
|
|
|
Foundation of the Franciscan Order
|
|
1210 |
| 1211 |
Genghis Khan conquers Kara-Khitai empire in Turkestan and invades China
|
|
|
|
|
1211 |
| 1212 |
Alfonso VIII of Castile and Sancho VII of Navarre decisively defeat Almohad army at battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
|
|
|
Failed Children's Crusade in Europe
|
|
1212 |
| 1214 |
Philip II of France decisively defeats Emperor Otto IV at battle of Bouvines; Confirms French conquest of Normandy and other English territories
|
|
|
|
|
1214 |
| 1215 |
Mongols under Genghis Khan sack Beijing
|
King John of England and English barons sign the Magna Carta
|
|
|
|
1215 |
| 1216 |
|
|
|
Foundation of the Dominican Order
|
|
1216 |
| 1222 |
Genghis Khan conquers Khwarezmid Empire (Afghanistan)
|
The Golden Bull of 1222 confirms the rights and privileges of the Hungarian nobility
|
|
|
|
1222 |
| 1225 |
|
|
|
(1) Western façade of Notre Dame Cathedral completed
(2) Francis of Assisi's Canticle to Brother Sun
|
|
1225 |
| 1226 |
The Golden Bull of Rimini authorizes the Teutonic Knights to conquer and convert pagan Prussian tribes in the Baltic
|
|
|
|
|
1226 |
| 1227 |
Genghis Khan dies; Mongol empire divided among his sons
|
|
|
|
|
1227 |
| 1231 |
|
|
|
Gregory IX establishes the Papal Inquisition
|
|
1231 |
| 1236 |
Ferdinand III of Castile conquers Muslim Cordoba
|
|
|
|
|
1236 |
| 1238 |
(1) Mohammed ibn Nasr founds Nasrid Dynasty in Granada
(2) Mongol leader Batu Khan sacks Vladimir;
Establishes the Golden Horde
|
|
|
|
|
1238 |
| 1239 |
|
Louis IX holds the first parlement in France
|
|
|
|
1239 |
| 1241 |
|
Association of Hamburg and Lübeck lays foundation for the Hanseatic League
|
|
|
|
1241 |
| 1252 |
|
|
|
|
First gold florins minted in Florence
|
1252 |
| 1257 |
|
First recorded meeting of the seven Electors of the Holy Roman Empire
|
|
|
|
1257 |
| 1258 |
|
English barons force Henry III to agree to the Provisions of Oxford, which call for the meeting of parliament at three-year intervals
|
|
|
|
1258 |
| 1259 |
Henry III of England renounces claims to Normandy and other Angevin territories in France
|
|
|
|
|
1259 |
| 1260 |
Mamluks defeat Mongol army at Ain Jalut; Egypt avoids conquest
|
Kublai Khan becomes Emperor of China
|
|
Chartres Cathedral consecrated
|
|
1260 |
| 1261 |
|
Michael VIII Palaeogus restores Byzantine authority in Constantinople
|
|
|
|
1261 |
| 1265 |
|
|
|
Dante born
|
|
1265 |
| 1266 |
|
|
|
Thomas Aquinas begins work on his Summa theologica
|
|
1266 |
| 1274 |
|
(1) Rudolf I becomes first Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor
(2) Edward I crowned King of England
|
|
Thomas Aquinas dies
|
|
1274 |
| 1275 |
|
|
|
|
Marco Polo arrives at Kublai Khan's court in China
|
1275 |
| 1276 |
|
Ottokar of Bohemia surrenders lands to Emperor Rudolf I; Beginning of Habsburg Dynasty in Austria
|
|
|
|
1276 |
| 1277 |
Edward I of England conquers Wales
|
|
|
|
|
1277 |
| 1279 |
Kublai Khan completes the Mongol conquest of China
|
|
|
|
|
1279 |
| 1280 |
|
|
First recorded spinning wheel in Germany
|
|
|
1280 |
| 1281 |
Typhoon destroys Mongol invasion fleet off the coast of Japan; Japanese call it Kamikaze (Divine Wind)
|
|
|
|
|
1281 |
| 1282 |
Beginning of the War of the Sicilian Vespers
|
|
|
|
|
1282 |
| 1284 |
|
|
|
|
First recorded use of reading glasses in Venice
|
1284 |
| 1285 |
|
|
William of St. Cloud observes the sun through a camera obscura
|
|
|
1285 |
| 1289 |
|
|
The Grand Canal completed in China
|
|
|
1289 |
| 1290 |
|
|
|
Edward I expels the Jews from England
|
|
1290 |
| 1291 |
Mamluks destroy Acre and end the existence of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem
|
|
|
|
|
1291 |
| 1294 |
|
Kublai Khan dies
|
|
|
|
1294 |
| 1295 |
France and Scotland form alliance against England; Origin of the "Auld Alliance"
|
|
|
Marco Polo returns from China
|
|
1295 |
| 1296 |
Edward I of England defeats Scottish army at Dunbar; Scottish king John Balliol abdicates
|
|
|
|
|
1296 |
| 1297 |
William Wallace leads uprising in Scotland; Defeats English army at Stirling Bridge
|
|
|
|
|
1297 |
| 1298 |
Edward I of England defeats William Wallace at Falkirk
|
|
|
Marco Polo's Travels to Tartary and China
|
|
1298 |
| 1302 |
(1) Papal and Neapolitan armies destroyed by malaria; Truce ends the War of the Sicilian Vespers
(2) Fleming militiamen defeat French army at Courtrai
|
First recorded meeting of the French Estates-General
|
|
Boniface VIII asserts papal supremacy over secular power in the bull, Unam sanctum
|
|
1302 |
| 1305 |
William Wallace executed in London
|
|
|
|
|
1305 |
| 1307 |
|
Edward I of England dies in Scotland; Edward II succeeds and withdraws English forces from Scotland
|
|
Dante's Divina Commedia (Divine Comedy)
|
|
1307 |
| 1309 |
|
|
|
Pope Clement V moves the papacy to Avignon, France
|
|
1309 |
| 1314 |
Robert the Bruce defeats English army at Bannockburn; English forces withdraw from Scotland
|
Knights Templars disbanded, Grand Master Molay burned
|
|
|
|
1314 |
| 1315 |
Swiss militia defeat Habsburg army at Morgarten and secure Swiss autonomy
|
|
|
|
|
1315 |
| 1324 |
|
Ghazi Orkhan succeeds Osman I as Ottoman sultan
|
First forged iron cannons made in France
|
|
|
1324 |
| 1325 |
|
Aztecs settle in Tenochtitlán
|
|
|
|
1325 |
| 1326 |
|
Edward II of England deposed by Queen Isabella and discontented barons
|
|
|
|
1326 |
| 1327 |
|
Edward II of England executed; Isabella and Roger Mortimer control regency government of Edward III
|
|
|
|
1327 |
| 1328 |
Edward III recognizes Scottish independence
|
(1) Charles IV of France dies, ending the Capetian Dynasty; Philip of Valois succeeds
(2) Grand Prince of Vladimir Alexander III dies; Ivan I succeeds, marking rise of Moscow as leading power in Russia
|
|
|
|
1328 |
| 1331 |
Ottoman Turks capture Nicaea, the last remaining Byzantine territory in Asia
|
|
|
|
|
1331 |
| 1333 |
|
|
|
|
Bubonic plague strikes China
|
1333 |
| 1336 |
|
Hindu rebellion against Muslim rule in India; Harihara I founds Vijayanagar Dynasty
|
|
|
|
1336 |
| 1337 |
Philip VI of France confiscates English territory in Gascony; Beginning of the Hundred Years War
|
|
|
|
|
1337 |
| 1338 |
(1) Edward III of England lands in Antwerp with his army
(2) Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV supports Edward III's claim to the French throne
|
|
|
|
|
1338 |
| 1340 |
(1) Edward III declares himself King of France
(2) Battle of Sluys
|
|
First European manufacture of cast iron in Liège
|
|
|
1340 |
| 1341 |
English garrison expelled from Edinburgh, Scotland
|
|
|
Petrarch crowned in Rome
|
|
1341 |
| 1342 |
Scottish troops take Roxburgh; English expelled from Scotland
|
|
|
|
|
1342 |
| 1346 |
English defeat French at battle of Crécy; Emergence of the English longbow
|
|
|
|
The Black Death (bubonic plague) breaks out in Tatar army at Kaffa
|
1346 |
| 1347 |
|
|
|
|
Bubonic plague first arrives in Europe
|
1347 |
| 1348 |
|
|
|
|
Bubonic plague spreads to France and Spain
|
1348 |
| 1349 |
|
|
|
|
The Black Death spreads to England, Scandinavia, and Germany
|
1349 |
| 1353 |
|
|
|
Boccaccio's The Decameron
|
|
1353 |
| 1356 |
(1) Emperor Charles IV issues Golden Bull establishing a system of seven Electors in the Holy Roman Empire
(2) English longbowmen defeat French army at the Battle of Poiters; French King John II captured and held for ransom
|
|
|
|
|
1356 |
| 1358 |
|
(1) Jacquerie peasant insurrection in France
(2) Étienne Marcel murdered in Paris
|
|
|
|
1358 |
| 1360 |
Timur begins rise to military prominence; Conquers Transoxiana
|
|
|
|
|
1360 |
| 1361 |
|
|
|
|
Bubonic plague returns to Europe
|
1361 |
| 1363 |
John II gives Burgundy to son Philip; Burgundy will emerge as independent rival to French throne
|
|
|
|
|
1363 |
| 1364 |
|
(1) John II dies in captivity in England and given lavish funeral; Charles V succeeds to French throne
(2) Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) becomes Aztec capital
|
|
Papal Palace completed in Avignon, France
|
|
1364 |
| 1365 |
Charles V recognizes John de Montfort as Duke of Brittany in the Treaty of Guérande; End of the Breton War of Succession
|
|
|
|
|
1365 |
| 1368 |
|
Zhu Yuanzhang (Chu Yuan-chang) expels Mongols from Beijing; Founds Ming Dynasty
|
|
|
|
1368 |
| 1370 |
|
|
|
Hubert van Eyck born
|
|
1370 |
| 1371 |
Ottoman army under Murad I defeats Byzantine army at battle of Chernomen; Ottomans conquer most of the Balkans
|
|
|
|
|
1371 |
| 1377 |
|
|
|
(1) End of Babylonian Captivity for Roman Catholic Church
(2) Filippo Brunelleschi, early Renaissance architect and engineer born
|
|
1377 |
| 1378 |
|
|
|
(1) Ghiberti born
(2) The Great Schism & the election of Clement VII
|
|
1378 |
| 1381 |
|
Wat Tyler's Rebellion
|
|
|
|
1381 |
| 1382 |
|
|
|
Bible translated into English by Wycliffe
|
|
1382 |
| 1386 |
Old Swiss Confederation defeats Habsburg army at the Battle of Sempach
|
|
|
Last pagan ruler in Europe, Jogalia of Lithuania, converts to Christianity; Foundation of Polish-Lithuanian dynastic union
|
|
1386 |
| 1389 |
Ottoman army under Murad I defeats Serbian army at the battle of Kosovo; Ottoman Empire conquers Serbia
|
Cosimo de Medici born
|
|
|
|
1389 |
| 1390 |
|
|
|
Jan Van Eyck born
|
|
1390 |
| 1396 |
|
|
Johann Gutenberg born (circa)
|
|
|
1396 |
| 1397 |
Treaty of Kalmar stipulates perpetual union of the kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden & Norway
|
|
|
|
|
1397 |
| 1399 |
|
Henry Bolingbroke of the House of Lancaster deposes Richard II of England; Crowned Henry IV
|
|
|
|
1399 |
| 1402 |
|
|
Canary Islands discovered
|
|
|
1402 |
| 1408 |
|
|
Windmills in Holland
|
|
|
1408 |
| 1414 |
1414-1418; Council of Constance resolves the Western Schism of the Catholic Church
|
|
|
|
|
1414 |
| 1415 |
(1) Frederick VI of the House of Hohenzollern recognized as Margrave and Prince-elector of Brandenburg
(2) English army under Henry V decisively defeats French army at the Battle of Agincourt
|
|
|
John Huss burned at the stake
|
|
1415 |
| 1419 |
John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy assassinated by servants of the Dauphin Charles
|
|
First European school of navigation founded in Portugal by Prince Henry the Navigator
|
|
|
1419 |
| 1423 |
Venetian-Turkish Wars begin
|
|
|
|
|
1423 |
| 1428 |
(1) Vietnam gains independence from Ming China
(2) English army begins siege of Orleans
|
|
|
|
|
1428 |
| 1432 |
|
|
Azores discovered by Gonzalo Cabral of Portugal
|
|
|
1432 |
| 1436 |
|
|
|
Verrocchio born
|
|
1436 |
| 1438 |
|
|
Beginnings of printing in Europe
|
Charles VII and the Pragmatic Sanction
|
|
1438 |
| 1444 |
|
|
|
Botticelli born
|
|
1444 |
| 1446 |
|
|
|
Filippo Brunelleschi, early Renaissance architect and engineer dies
|
|
1446 |
| 1447 |
|
|
|
Pope Nicholas V, the Builder Pope
|
|
1447 |
| 1450 |
|
|
|
Florence becomes center of Italian Renaissance
|
|
1450 |
| 1451 |
|
|
(1) Christopher Columbus born
(2) Amerigo Vespucci born
|
|
|
1451 |
| 1452 |
|
|
|
(1) Leonardo da Vinci born
(2) Ghiberti's Gates of Paradise
|
|
1452 |
| 1453 |
(1) Turks capture Constantinople and end the Byzantine Empire
(2) French army defeats English at Castillon; End of English presence in Aquitaine
(3) French forces enter Bordeaux; End of the Hundred Years' War
|
|
|
|
|
1453 |
| 1454 |
The Treaty of Lodi establishes peace and a stable political framework in Italy
|
|
|
|
|
1454 |
| 1455 |
|
|
|
Pope gives approval to the slave trade
|
|
1455 |
| 1462 |
|
Ivan III begins uniting Russia
|
|
|
|
1462 |
| 1464 |
|
Cosimo de Medici dies
|
|
|
|
1464 |
| 1465 |
|
|
|
Erasmus born
|
|
1465 |
| 1466 |
|
|
|
Donatello dies
|
|
1466 |
| 1468 |
|
Treaty of Peronne
|
Johann Gutenberg dies
|
|
|
1468 |
| 1469 |
|
|
|
Florence at its cultural height
|
|
1469 |
| 1471 |
|
|
|
Albrecht Durer born
|
|
1471 |
| 1473 |
|
|
Copernicus born
|
|
|
1473 |
| 1475 |
|
|
|
Michelangelo born
|
|
1475 |
| 1477 |
Charles the Bold killed in Switzerland; Burgundian territories divided between French and Habsburgs
|
|
|
|
|
1477 |
| 1478 |
|
|
|
Pope Sixtus IV ratifies the Spanish Inquisition
|
|
1478 |
| 1482 |
Battle of Alhama de Granada
|
|
|
|
|
1482 |
| 1483 |
|
|
|
Martin Luther born
|
|
1483 |
| 1484 |
|
|
|
Birth of Venus by Botticelli
|
|
1484 |
| 1485 |
|
Henry Tudor defeats and kills Richard III at battle of Bosworth; Tudor crowned Henry VII
|
|
|
|
1485 |
| 1488 |
|
|
|
Verrocchio dies
|
|
1488 |
| 1492 |
Spanish forces conquer final Moorish stronghold in Granada
|
Lorenzo de Medici dies
|
Columbus discovers America
|
|
|
1492 |
| 1494 |
|
|
|
Savonarola's Reforms
|
|
1494 |
| 1496 |
|
|
Vasco da Gama sails to India and back to Portugal
|
|
|
1496 |
| 1497 |
|
|
The Cabots reach America
|
|
|
1497 |
| 1498 |
|
|
(1) Vasco de Gama reaches India by sea
(2) Columbus reaches South America
|
Albrecht Durer's Self Portrait
|
|
1498 |
| 1499 |
|
|
|
Michelangelo's Pietà
|
|
1499 |
| Year |
Government,
Politics, & War |
Art & Culture |
Science &
Technology |
Religion &
Philosophy |
Daily Life &
Health |
Year |
