during World War II. It emerged from the war and, within a short time, launched an insurgency that lasted until 1960. The Malayan Emergency, while different from the insurgency in Vietnam, bore many enticing similarities. One of these similarities was the program called "New Villages." This program Involved the resettlement of 600,000 squatters on agricultural land to which they were given title-deeds.7

The villages provided the squatters protection from intimidation and, for the first time, permitted services such as schools, clinics, and electricity to be provided. Two elements stood out as the scheme progressed. The first was the fact that, for the vast majority of the peasants, this was the first land they could call their own. The second was that comprehensive efforts were made to involve the villagers in government through elections to village councils that were created to give the people power and responsibility. Robert Thompson, initially a Chinese Affairs Officer, was responsible for creating these New Village Councils in southern Malaya. Thompson was later to play an important role in the Strategic Hamlet Program.

In the Philippines, the Communists who fought against the Japanese in Wor1d War II were known as the Huks. They emerged from the war and sought to seize power through a people's war. While there was no large-scale resettlement program in the Philippines, land reform played a significant role in alleviating the peasants'" grievances. Pacification efforts in the Philippines occurred very much as a result of