| Year |
International
Relations |
Politics |
Science &
Technology |
Society &
Culture |
Economics &
Daily Life |
| 1800 |
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Thomas Jefferson elected President
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| 1801 |
Act of Union between Great Britain and Ireland creates the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
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| 1802 |
Treaty of Amiens
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| 1803 |
Louisiana Purchase Treaty signed in Paris; The United States purchases rights to 828,800 square miles of territory from France
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| 1804 |
Tripolitan War
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(1) Aaron Burr kills Alexander Hamilton in duel
(2) Napoleon crowned as Emperor of the French
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Lewis & Clark begin expedition to survey the Louisiana Purchase
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| 1805 |
(1) Battle of Austerlitz
(2) Admiral Horatio Nelson defeats French fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar to maintain naval supremacy
(3) Treaty of Pressburg formally dissolves the Holy Roman Empire
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| 1806 |
(1) French army destroys Prussian army at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt
(2) British acquire Cape Colony
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| 1807 |
Treaty of Tilsit marks high-water mark of Napoleon's empire
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The 1st steamship Clermont sails
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Slave trade abolished in the British Empire
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| 1808 |
French occupy Spain; Peninsular War begins
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| 1810 |
(1) Bolivar in South America
(2) Mexican War of Independence begins
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| 1811 |
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Massacre of the Mamelukes
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Sense and Sensibility by Jane Austen
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| 1812 |
(1) Napoleon leads French invasion of Russia, resulting in catastrophic defeat for Franch
(2) War of 1812 begins with U.S. declaration of war on the United Kingdom
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| 1813 |
The Sixth Coalition defeats Napoleon's army at the Battle of Leipzig, forcing French withdrawal from German territory
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| 1814 |
(1) Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to St. Elba according to the terms of the Treaty of Fontainebleau
(2) Representatives from Austria, Russia, Prussia, Britain, and France meet at the Congress of Vienna to discuss future of Europe
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New England states discuss secession in opposition to the War of 1812 at the Hartford Convention
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First permanent white settlement founded in New Zealand
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| 1815 |
(1) The War of 1812 ends with the Treaty of Ghent, reaffirming prewar status quo between the United States and United Kingdom
(2) Napoleon escapes Elba in an attempt to reestablish his power. Coalition forces defeat him at the battle of Waterloo.
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| 1816 |
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Shaka consolidates rule of the Zulu Kingdom
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Emma by Jane Austen
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| 1818 |
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(1) John Keats's Romantic epic Endymion
(2) Don Juan by Lord Byron
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| 1819 |
Spain cedes Florida to United States
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James Watt dies
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| 1820 |
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(1) Missouri Compromise
(2) Spanish demand constitution
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Florence Nightingale born
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| 1821 |
(1) Maori civil wars begin
(2) Greek War of Independence begins
(3) Mexico gains independence under Treaty of Cordoba
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| 1822 |
Brazil gains independence from Portugal
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Jean-François Champollion announces the deciphering of the Rosetta stone
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| 1823 |
The Monroe Doctrine declares that European powers must not colonize or interfere with independent nations in the Americas
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| 1824 |
Battle of Ayacucho leads to Peruvian independence
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John Quincy Adams wins disputed presidential election of 1824; Andrew Jackson accuses Adams of striking a "corrupt bargain" with Henry Clay
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| 1825 |
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Erie Canal opens
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| 1826 |
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(1) Massacre of the Janissaries
(2) Zollerein established in Germany
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| 1827 |
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Beethoven dies
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| 1828 |
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Andrew Jackson elected President
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(1) Leo Tolstoi born
(2) Goya dies
(3) Catholics allowed to hold office in England
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| 1829 |
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Baltimore and Ohio Railroad opens; Becomes first major railroad system in the U.S.
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Catholic Emancipation
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| 1830 |
Bourbon monarchy overthrown during the July Revolution in France. Louis-Philippe becomes constitutional monarch of France
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Emily Dickinson born
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| 1831 |
Belgium declares independence from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands
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H.M.S. Beagle sails with Charles Darwin
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Victor Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris (or The Hunchback of Notre Dame)
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| 1832 |
Treaty of Constantinople grants Greek independence
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(1) English Reform Act
(2) Nullification crisis between the federal government and South Carolina over tariff collection
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(1) Edouard Manet born
(2) Lewis Carroll born
(3) Louisa May Alcott born
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| 1833 |
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Revolt in Spain
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(1) Slave trade abolished
(2) James Holtzclaw born
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| 1834 |
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Thomas Malthus dies
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(1) Edgar Degas born
(2) Spanish Inquisition ends
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| 1835 |
Second Seminole War begins
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Mark Twain born
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| 1836 |
Texan War of Independence
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(1) Winslow Homer born
(2) Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allan Poe
(3) Ralph Waldo Emerson establishes the principles of American Transcendentalism in his essay "Nature"
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| 1837 |
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(1) Victoria assumes English throne
(2) Canadian Rebellion
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| 1838 |
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Photography invented
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Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens
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| 1839 |
(1) First Opium War begins (1839-1842)
(2) Afghan-British War, First begins
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| 1840 |
Britain annexes New Zealand
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Queen Victoria and Prince Albert marry
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Claude Monet born
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| 1841 |
(1) Britain claims Hong Kong
(2) Canada united
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(1) The Murders on the Rue Morgue by Edgar Allan Poe
(2) Oliver Wendell Holmes, Supreme Court Justice, born
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| 1842 |
(1) Second Seminole War ends
(2) First Afghan-British War ends
(3) Treaty of Nanjing ends First Opium War; Britain gains Hong Kong
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Gold and copper are discovered in Australia
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| 1843 |
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Dorothea Dix and insane asylum reforms
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Noah Webster dies
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| 1844 |
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James K. Polk elected President
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Samuel F. B. Morse dispatches the first telegraph message from Washington, D.C. to Baltimore.
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(1) YMCA founded
(2) Friedrich Nietzsche born
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| 1845 |
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Florida becomes a state
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First publication of Edgar Allen Poe's poem "The Raven"
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Potato blight first noticed in Ireland; The Irish Potato Famine begins (1845-1852)
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| 1846 |
U.S.-Mexican War begins
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(1) The Wilmot Proviso
(2) English Corn Laws revoked
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Neptune discovered
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| 1847 |
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Thomas Edison born
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English novelist Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre
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| 1848 |
(1) Revolution of 1848 begins in France resulting in the establishment of the Second French Republic and spread of revolutionary movements throughout Europe
(2) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends U.S.-Mexican War; U.S. gains California and other Mexican territory
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Whig candidate Zachary Taylor defeats Democrat Lewis Cass to become 12th President of the U.S.
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(1) Paul Gauguin born
(2) Mormons to Utah
(3) Pius IX flees Rome
(4) Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish the Communist Manifesto in London
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Gold discovered in California
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| 1849 |
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Livingston in Africa
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Feminist novelist George Sand's La Petite Fadette
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| 1850 |
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(1) Compromise of 1850
(2) Taiping Rebellion in China; Up to 30 million Chinese die in civil war between Qing government and Hong Xiuquan's Heavenly Kingdom
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Robert Lewis Stevenson born
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| 1851 |
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(1) Louis Napoleon's Coup d'Etat
(2) Gold found in Australia
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Moby Dick by Herman Melville
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| 1852 |
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Democratic candidate Franklin Pierce defeats Whig Winfield Scott to become 14th President of the U.S.
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Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe
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| 1853 |
Gadsden Purchase Treaty
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Vincent van Gogh born
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| 1854 |
Crimean War begins
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(1) Kansas-Nebraska Bill
(2) Republican Party formed in Jackson, Michigan in protest of the Kansas-Nebraska Act
(3) Bleeding Kansas
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Florence Nightingale sent by British government to investigate medical conditions in army hospitals during the Crimean War
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(1) The Charge of the Light Brigade by Lord Tennyson
(2) Oscar Wilde Born
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| 1855 |
Crimean War ends
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Percival Lowell born
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(1) Hungarian pianist and composer Franz Liszt publishes first suite of Années de Pèlerinage (Years of Pilgrimage)
(2) Walt Whitman publishes first edition of his collection of poetry Leaves of Grass
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| 1856 |
(1) Massacre of Potawatomie Creek
(2) Declaration of Paris
(3) Second Opium War begins (1856-1860)
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(1) Democratic candidate James Buchanan defeats Republican John Fremont to become 15th President of the U.S.
(2) Booker T. Washington born
|
(1) Sigmund Freud born
(2) Robert E. Peary, polar explorer, is born.
|
George Bernard Shaw born
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| 1857 |
The Indian Mutiny
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Dred Scott decision in U. S. Supreme Court
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| 1858 |
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The Paulist Fathers founded
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Minnesota becomes the 32nd state admitted into the Union.
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| 1859 |
The Battles of Magenta & Solferino
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John Brown leads raid on Federal Arsenal in Harper's Ferry; Executed for treason
|
(1) On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin
(2) Construction begins on Suez Canal
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(1) A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens
(2) Alexis de Tocqueville dies
(3) Georges Seurat born
(4) Liberal philosopher John Stuart Mill's On Liberty
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| 1860 |
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(1) Abraham Lincoln elected President of United States
(2) South Carolina becomes first southern state to secede from the Union
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Anton Chekhov born
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| 1861 |
(1) Federal garrison at Fort Sumter surrenders to Confederate forces; Abraham Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion
(2) Great Britain declares its neutrality in the American Civil War
|
(1) Victor Emmanuel is proclaimed King of Italy by the first Italian Parliament
(2) Confederate States of America formed at Montgomery, AL
(3) American Civil War begins
|
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Great Expectations by Charles Dickens
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Russia emancipates its serfs
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| 1862 |
Union army under George B. McClellan inflicts strategic defeat on Confederate army led by Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Antietam; Approximately 23,000 casualties mark the bloodiest day in American history
|
Emancipation Proclamation Issued
|
|
Les Miserables by Victor Hugo
|
Cinco de Mayo: The Mexican victory
over the French at the town of Puebla
is commemorated as a Mexican national
holiday.
|
| 1863 |
Battle of Gettysburg
|
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Henry Ford born
|
(1) Lucien Pissarro born
(2) Edvard Munch born
|
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| 1864 |
Prussia and Austria invade Schleswig and Holstein after Denmark effectively annexes the territories
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Abraham Lincoln re-elected as President
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Louis Pasteur completes first successful pasteurization experiment
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Henri Toulouse-Lautrec born
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| 1865 |
Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House; Effectively ends U.S. Civil War
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(1) President Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theater in Washington D.C.; Andrew Johnson becomes 17th President of the United States
(2) 13th Amendment to U.S. Constitution abolishes slavery
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First Pullman cars
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| 1866 |
(1) Peace of Prague between Prussia and Austria; Austria excluded from German affairs
(2) Austro-Prussian War (Seven Week's War) begins after disagreements over the administration of Schleswig-Holstein
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| 1867 |
(1) Fall of Maximilian
(2) United States buys Alaska
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(1) Canadian Confederation
(2) The Austro-Hungarian Compromise leads to establishment of the Dual Monarchy
(3) Reconstruction Act
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Trans-Atlantic cable laid
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das Kapital by Karl Marx
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| 1868 |
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(1) Ulysses Grant elected President
(2) Shogun Kekie abdicates
(3) William Gladstone named Prime Minister of Great Britain
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Diamonds discovered in South Africa
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Cincinnati Reds established; First Major League Baseball team
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| 1869 |
Suez Canal opens
|
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(1) Frank Lloyd born
(2) Henri Matisse born
(3) The first transcontinental railroad acoss the US is completed when the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railways meet at Promontory Summit, in Utah Territory.
|
(1) Siegfried Wagner born
(2) Mahatma Ghandi born
(3) Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace
|
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| 1870 |
(1) Battle of Sedan; Napoleon III captured along with 104,000 soldiers
(2) Siege of Paris begins
(3) Italian forces capture Rome; Kingdom of Italy annexes the Papal State completing the unification of Italy
(4) Franco-Prussian War begins following Spanish Succession Crisis
|
Napoleon III overthrown; Third Republic proclaimed in France
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Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne
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| 1871 |
Treaty of Frankfurt ends Franco-Prussian War; German Empire recognized and France loses Alsace-Lorraine
|
(1) Wilhelm I proclaims German Empire at Versailles
(2) Paris Commune takes over French capital; Put down by army by May 28
|
(1) The Descent of Man by Charles Darwin
(2) Orville Wright born
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Stephen Crane born
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| 1872 |
Geneva Arbitration
|
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Brooklyn Bridge opens
|
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| 1873 |
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Color photography invented
|
John Stuart Mill dies
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| 1874 |
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(1) 1st Impressionist exhibit
(2) Gertrude Stein born
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| 1875 |
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Albert Schweitzer born
|
(1) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain
(2) Impressionist Camille Pissarro's The Garden of Pontoise
|
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| 1876 |
Korea gains independence
|
|
Telephone invented by Alexander Graham Bell
|
(1) Jack London born
(2) George Sand dies
|
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| 1877 |
(1) Satsuma revolt
(2) Crazy Horse surrenders to General
George Crook in
Nebraska
|
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Phonograph invented by Alexander Graham Bell
|
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| 1878 |
(1) Greco-Turkish War
(2) Afghan-British War, Second begins
|
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| 1879 |
(1) Zulu-British War
(2) Battle of Isandhlwana
(3) Battle of Rorke's Drift
|
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| 1880 |
Afghan-British War, Second ends
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| 1881 |
(1) Sudan, War for the begins
(2) British forces defeat rebel Egyptian army at the Battle of Tel el-Kebir, marking the beginning of British military occupation of Egypt
|
1881 - 1882 First wave of Zionist immigration (aliyah) into Palestine
|
|
(1) Edgar Degas's sculpture Little Dancer of Fourteen Years
(2) Booker T. Washington founds the Tuskegee Institute, a major center for African-American higher education
|
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| 1882 |
France takes Annam
|
Bank of Japan established
|
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| 1883 |
|
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|
(1) Edouard Manet dies
(2) Karl Marx dies in London
|
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| 1884 |
Mahdist Sudanese army besieges and defeats British-led Egyptian garrison at the Siege of Khartoum
|
|
|
First publication of Mark Twain's novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
|
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| 1885 |
|
|
|
Victor Hugo dies
|
|
| 1886 |
|
|
|
(1) Franz Liszt dies
(2) Statue of Liberty dedicated in New York
|
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| 1888 |
|
|
|
Jack the Ripper active in London; Commits series of brutal murders
|
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| 1890 |
Lakota Sioux defeated by U.S. Army at Wounded Knee
|
|
|
(1) The Cardplayers by Cezanne
(2) Publication of Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray
|
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| 1891 |
|
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|
(1) The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes first published
(2) Georges Seurat dies
(3) Agatha Christie born
|
|
| 1892 |
|
Homestead Strike; Major labor dispute between union steelworkers and the Carnegie Steel Company in Homestead, Pennsylvania
|
|
(1) At the Moulin Rouge by Toulouse-Lautrec
(2) The Nutcracker Suite by Tchaiovsky
(3) Walt Whitman dies
(4) Post-Impressionist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec paints At the Moulin Rouge
|
|
| 1893 |
|
|
First car built by Henry Ford
|
(1) New Zealand grants women's suffrage
(2) Publication of French novelist Émile Zola's Le Docteur Pascal, the final installment of his 20-volume Les Rougon-Macquart
(3) Post-Impressionist Paul Cézanne's still life Rideau, Cruchon et Compotier
|
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| 1894 |
Sino-Japanese War
|
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|
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| 1895 |
|
Booker T. Washington gives "Atlanta Compromise" speech on race relations in the United States
|
x-rays discovered
|
(1) The Time Machine by H. G. Wells
(2) Publication of Stephen Crane's The Red Badge of Courage
|
|
| 1896 |
Ethiopia defeats Italy in the First Italo-Ethiopian War after decisive victory at the Battle of Adwa; Marks first victory of an African state over a European colonial power
|
|
|
Theodore Herzl writes Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State)
|
|
| 1897 |
|
(1) First Zionist Congress starts program to resettle Jewish people in Palestine
(2) William McKinley inaugurated as the 25th President of the United States
|
|
Post-Impressionist Paul Gauguin's Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?
|
|
| 1898 |
(1) British and French resolve the Fashoda Incident over colonial boundaries in Africa, confirming British control over Sudan; Seen as important precursor to the Entente Cordiale
(2) The United States defeats Spain in the Spanish-American War and annexes the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico
(3) President William McKinley signs the Newlands Resolution, officially annexing Hawaii to the United States
|
|
Marie Curie discovers radium
|
(1) Ernest Hemingway born
(2) H. G. Wells' science fiction novel The War of the Worlds
|
|
| 1899 |
(1) Peace Conference at the Hague
(2) Second Boer War begins
(3) Boxer Rebellion against foreign influence in China
(4) The Philippine-American War begins after a Filipino soldier is shot by an American in Manila. U.S. forces battle those of the First Philippine Republic in Manila
|
|
|
Friedrich Nietzsche dies
|
|
| Year |
Government,
Politics, & War |
Art & Culture |
Science &
Technology |
Religion &
Philosophy |
Daily Life &
Health |
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